|
|
接种疫苗，不是扎一下，哭两声的小事，更不要被堂而皇之的概念绑架。特别是对于孩子而言，作为家长应该负起守护责任，哪怕需要承受巨大的压力。爱孩子，就该考虑长远，认真分析该疫苗的效用与风险。
一个最简单的事实是，疫情发展至今，全美只有四百余位孩子的死亡与新冠有关，医生们仔细研究每个案例，发现这些孩子自身都带有严重疾病，如白血病等。换句话说，至今在美国，没有一个健康的孩子单纯因为新冠而死亡，所以健康孩子的新冠死亡风险几乎为0。
新冠疫苗呢？
我刚留意到，国内已有一位谭博士做了相关解读：
如何看待多地 3 至 11 岁人群开打新冠疫苗？你家孩子接种了吗？接种有哪些注意事项？一周前同济大学医学院学者在《Cell Discovery》发表一篇文章，从机体免疫细胞角度分析接种者的病理生理学改变，研究新冠疫苗对接种者带来的免疫干扰。为避免我的解读断章取义，请读者认真阅读全文，其链接如下：
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/labs/pmc/articles/PMC8546144/#__ffn_sectitle
虽然研究的疫苗种类不同，这个研究基本呼应了美国Ryan Cole医生等人的观察，即接种新冠疫苗(无论灭活或者mRNA）后，疫苗接种者的生理病理状态，与新冠感染类似。虽然接种疫苗后可以诱导出现某些抗体，但同时导致一系列复杂的免疫机能改变，包括CD4+，CD8+等T细胞表达水平的下降，I类干扰素应答能力受到影响。这意味着疫苗接种者在短期内反而处于某种免疫抑制状态。需要指出，这类受损的免疫机制，不仅用于防护各种病毒感染，也是机体抑制肿瘤细胞的关键，因此，这个细胞免疫学观察，可以解释疫苗接种后导致的带状疱疹（病毒感染），肿瘤突然增大等现象。
研究者无法确定，他们所观察到的免疫问题，究竟是仅限于新冠疫苗，还是适用于其他普遍的疫苗。
研究者认为，新冠疫苗接种应该对不适应人群进行更为谨慎地筛选，切切不可滥接。同时，应该考虑该疫苗对特定医疗状况以及人类健康的长期负面影响。
Abstract
Large-scale COVID-19 vaccinations are currently underway in many countries in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, we report, besides generation of neutralizing antibodies, consistent alterations in hemoglobin A1c, serum sodium and potassium levels, coagulation profiles, and renal functions in healthy volunteers after vaccination with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine. Similar changes had also been reported in COVID-19 patients, suggesting that vaccination mimicked an infection. Single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) before and 28 days after the first inoculation also revealed consistent alterations in gene expression of many different immune cell types. Reduction of CD8+ T cells and increase in classic monocyte contents were exemplary. Moreover, scRNA-seq revealed increased NF-κB signaling and reduced type I interferon responses, which were confirmed by biological assays and also had been reported to occur after SARS-CoV-2 infection with aggravating symptoms. Altogether, our study recommends additional caution when vaccinating people with pre-existing clinical conditions, including diabetes, electrolyte imbalances, renal dysfunction, and coagulation disorders.
Subject terms: Immunology, Transcriptomics
Introduction
The COVID-19 pandemic has profoundly affected humanity. The development of COVID-19 vaccines in various forms has been underway in an unprecedented and accelerated manner. Despite some uncertainties regarding potential consequences, large-scale vaccinations are taking place in many countries. There have been different COVID-19 vaccines developed, including inactivated viral particles, mRNA vaccines, adenoviral-based vaccines, and etc.1–5. Historically, vaccine research has been focused on whether or not vaccination could generate neutralizing antibodies to protect against viral infections, whereas short-term and long-term influences of the various newly developed vaccines to human pathophysiology and other perspectives of the human immune system have not been fully investigated.
With the development of large-scale single-cell mRNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) technology, systematic investigation of people’s immune system function with precision became possible, primarily through scRNA-seq of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). During the COVID-19 pandemic, a large body of studies using scRNA-seq of PBMCs had revealed detailed changes in gene expression in different immune cell subtypes including different types of T and B cells, NK cells, monocytes, dendritic cells, etc. during and after infection, results from which indicated greatly reduced CD4+ and CD8+ T-cell numbers and T-cell exhaustion upon SARS-CoV-2 infection. Reduced peripheral mucosal-associated invariable T (MAIT) cell numbers and their migration in and out of the lung had also been observed. Highly activated inflammatory immune responses, including Interferon-gamma (IFN-γ), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and NF-κB responses, had been reported in COVID-19 patients6–12. Many studies had revealed immune state differences between people with severe versus mild symptoms, in that strong type I interferon (IFN-α/β) responses were beneficial after COVID-19 infection and attenuated IFN-α/β responses were associated with the development of severe symptoms13. In contrast, stronger NF-κB inflammatory responses were associated with more severe symptoms14. In addition, increased γδ-T cell and reduced neutrophil contents were reported to be associated with milder symptoms15.
Upon SARS-CoV-2 infections, many people developed various degrees of respiratory syndromes, and some with gastrointestinal conditions. It had been reported that blood coagulation disorders, vasculature issues, electrolytes imbalances, renal disorders, metabolic disorders, etc. were major clinical complications with COVID-1916,17. The manner in which vaccination would mimic an infection has not been fully evaluated. In this study, we enrolled healthy volunteers who were to be vaccinated with an inactivated SARS-CoV-2 vaccine (Vero Cell)3, to participate in antibody and neutralizing antibody testings, as well as detailed clinical laboratory measurements before and at different times after vaccination (two-dose regimens with slightly different schedules were applied). To our surprise, we observed quite consistent pathophysiological changes regarding electrolyte contents, coagulation profiles, renal function as well as cholesterol and glucose metabolic-related features, as if these people had experienced an infection with SARS-CoV-2. In addition, PBMCs scRNA-seq results also indicated consistent reductions in CD8+ T cells and increases in monocyte contents, as well as enhanced NF-κB inflammatory signaling, which also mimicked responses after infection. Surprisingly, type I interferon responses, which had been linked to reduced damages after SARS-CoV-2 infection and milder symptoms, appeared to be reduced after vaccination, at least by 28 days post the 1st inoculation. This might suggest that in the short-term (1 month) after vaccination, a person’s immune system is in a non-privileged state, and may require more protection.
|
|
eyy361227
发表于 2021-11-16 20:59:12
淘帖
